The Continental Association, often known simply as the "Association", was a system created by the First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. Called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts by the British Parliament, the Congress was attended by 56 in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott A boycott is a form of consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for political reasons with Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801. It was created by the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, under the Acts of Union 1707, to create a single kingdom encompassing the whole of the island of Great. Congress hoped that by imposing economic sanctions Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country on another for a variety of reasons. Economic sanctions include, but are not limited to, tariffs, trade barriers, import duties, and import or export quotas. The most famous example of an economic sanction is the fifty-year-old United States embargo against Cuba, Great Britain would be pressured to redress the grievances of the colonies, and in particular repeal the Intolerable Acts The Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America. The acts triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies that later became the United States, and were important developments in the growth of the American passed by the British Parliament The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland. The Acts created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved the separate English and Scottish parliaments in favour of a single parliament, located in the former home of the. The Association aimed to alter Britain's policies towards the colonies without severing allegiance An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed by a subject or a citizen to his/her state or sovereign.

The boycott became operative on December 1, 1774. The Association was fairly successful while it lasted. Trade with Great Britain fell sharply, and the British responded with the New England Restraining Act of 1775. The outbreak of the American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen former British colonies in North America, and concluded in a global war between several European great powers effectively superseded the attempt to boycott British goods.

Contents

Background

The British Parliament The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland. The Acts created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved the separate English and Scottish parliaments in favour of a single parliament, located in the former home of the passed the Coercive Acts The Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America. The acts sparked outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution in 1774 to reform colonial administration in British America British America consisted of the English and later British Empire in continental North America in the 17th century and 18th century. Formally, the British Colonies in North America were known as "British America" and the "British West Indies" until 1783, when Britain recognized the United States of America as a sovereign nation and, in part, to punish the Province of Massachusetts The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony chartered October 7, 1691 in North America by William and Mary, the joint monarchs of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The charter was put into effect on May 14, 1692 and included the former Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony, as well as the Province of Maine, Martha' for the Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. Many American colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution The UK has no single constitutional document comparable to those of most other nations. It is therefore often said that the country has an "unwritten", uncodified, or de facto constitution. However, the word "unwritten" is something of a misnomer as the majority of the British constitution does exist in the written form of and a threat to the liberties of all of British America, not just Massachusetts. As they had done during the 1760s—most effectively during the Stamp Act crisis The Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp. These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper of 1765—colonists turned to economic boycotts A boycott is a form of consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for political reasons to protest what they saw as unconstitutional legislation. The word boycott had not yet been coined; colonists referred to their economic protests as, depending upon the specific activity, "non-importation", "non-exportation", or "non-consumption".

On May 13, 1774, the Boston Town Meeting In Massachusetts, for example, generally the least populous towns have open town meeting form of government. Through a town charter revision process, no town with fewer than 6,000 residents may adopt representative town meeting form of government; towns with 6,000 or more residents may optionally adopt the representative town meeting form. The, with Samuel Adams Samuel Adams was a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United acting as moderator, passed a resolution that called for an economic boycott in response to the Boston Port Act, one of the Coercive Acts. The resolution said:

That it is the opinion of this town, that if the other, Colonies come, into a joint resolution to stop all importation from Great Britain, and exportations to Great Britain, and every part of the West Indies, till the Act for blocking up this harbour be repealed, the same will prove the salvation of North America and her liberties. On the other hand, if they continue their exports and imports, there is high reason to fear that fraud, power, and the most odious oppression, will rise triumphant over right, justice, social happiness, and freedom.[1]

Paul Revere Paul Revere was an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution, who often served as messenger, carried the Boston resolutions to New York and Philadelphia.[2] Adams also promoted the boycott through the colonial committees of correspondence The committees of correspondence were bodies organized by the local governments of the Thirteen Colonies before the American Revolution for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony. These served an important role in the Revolution, by disseminating the colonial interpretation of British actions between the colonies, through which advocates of colonial rights in the various provinces kept in touch. The First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. Called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts by the British Parliament, the Congress was attended by 56 was convened at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States on September 5, 1774, to coordinate a response to the Coercive Acts. Twelve colonies were represented at the Congress.

On October 20, 1774, Congress created the Association, based on the earlier Virginia Association. The Association signified the increasing cooperation between the colonies. As a sign of the desire still prevalent at the time to avoid open revolution, the Association notably opened with a profession of allegiance to the king, and they placed the blame for "a ruinous system of colony administration" upon Parliament and lower British officials rather than the king directly. The Association alleged that this system was "evidently calculated for enslaving these colonies, and, with them, the British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a."

Provisions

The articles of the Continental Association imposed an immediate ban on British tea, and a ban on importing or consuming any goods (including the slave trade The history of slavery covers systems throughout human history in which one human being is legally the property of another, can be bought or sold, is not allowed to escape and must work for the owner without any choice involved. A critical element is that children of a slave mother automatically become slaves. It does not include forced labor by) from Britain, Ireland Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɾlənd],; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third largest island in Europe and the twentieth largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from, and the British West Indies The British West Indies was a term used to describe the islands in and around the Caribbean that were part of the British Empire The term was sometimes used to include British Honduras and British Guiana, even though these territories are not geographically part of the Caribbean. As of 1912, the British West Indies were divided into eight colonies: to take effect on December 1, 1774. It also threatened an export ban on any products from the American colonies to Britain, Ireland, or the West Indies, to be enacted only if the complained of acts were not repealed by September 10, 1775; the Articles stated that the export ban was being suspended until this date because of the "earnest desire we have not to injure our fellow-subjects in Great-Britain, Ireland, or the West-Indies." This was a recognition of the need and demand for American goods abroad, though the ban was likely deferred to avoid inflicting immediate economic hardship on American merchants. All American colonists were to direct their agents abroad to also comply with these restrictions, as would all ship owners.

The Association set forth policies by which the colonists would endure the scarcity of goods. Merchants were restricted from price gouging. Local committees of inspection were to be established in the colonies by which compliance would be monitored, through strong-arming local businesses. Any individual observed to violate the pledges in the Articles would be condemned in print and ostracised in society "as the enemies of American liberty." Colonies would also cease all trade and dealings with any other colony that failed to comply with the bans.

The colonies also pledged that they would "encourage frugality, economy, and industry, and promote agriculture, arts and the manufactures of this country, especially that of wool; and will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation," such as gambling, stageplays and other frivolous entertainment. Specific instructions were even set forth on properly frugal funeral observations, pledging that no one "will go into any further mourning-dress, than a black crepe or ribbon on the arm or hat, for gentlemen, and a black ribbon and necklace for ladies, and we will discontinue the giving of gloves and scarves at funerals."

Signers

These delegates signed the Association in Congress. Many local signings also took place.

President of Congress The President of the Continental Congress was the presiding officer of the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates that emerged as the first national government of the United States during the American Revolution. The president was a member of Congress elected by the other delegates to serve as an impartial moderator during meetings of

1. Peyton Randolph Peyton Randolph was a planter and public official from the Colony of Virginia. He served as speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses, chairman of the Virginia Conventions, and President of the Continental Congress

New-Hampshire The Province of New Hampshire was a crown colony organized on October 7, 1691, during the period of British colonization of the Americas. The charter was enacted May 14, 1692, by William and Mary, the joint monarchs of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, at the same time that the Province of Massachusetts Bay was created. Both were

2. John Sullivan John Sullivan was the third son of Irish immigrants, an American general in the Revolutionary War and a delegate in the Continental Congress
3. Nathaniel Folsom

Massachusetts Bay The Province of Massachusetts was a crown colony chartered October 7, 1691 in British America by William and Mary, the joint monarchs of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The charter was put into effect on May 14, 1692 and included the former Massachusetts Colony and Plymouth Colony, as well as the Province of Maine, Martha's

4. Thomas Cushing Thomas Cushing III was an American lawyer and statesman from Boston, Massachusetts. He was a delegate for Massachusetts in the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776, and the first Lt. Governor of the state from 1780 to 1788. Between the resignation of John Hancock and the inauguration of James Bowdoin, he served as Acting Governor of
5. Samuel Adams Samuel Adams was a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United
6. John Adams John Adams was an American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States (1797–1801), after being the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797) for two terms. He was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States
7. Robert Treat Paine Robert Treat Paine was a signer of the Declaration of Independence as a representative of Massachusetts

Rhode-Island Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a theologian, independent preacher, and linguist on land gifted by the Narragansett sachem Canonicus. Roger Williams, fleeing from religious persecution in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, agreed with his fellow settlers on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule "in

8. Stephen Hopkins
9. Samuel Ward

Connecticut The Colony of Connecticut was an English colony located in British America that became the U.S. state of Connecticut. Originally known as the River Colony, it was organized on March 3, 1636 as a haven for Puritan noblemen. After early struggles with the Dutch, the English gained control of the colony permanently by the late 1630s. The colony was

10. Eliphalet Dyer
11. Roger Sherman Roger Sherman was an early American lawyer and politician. He served as the first mayor of New Haven, Connecticut, and served on the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence, and was also a representative and senator in the new republic
12. Silas Deane

New-York The Province of New York resulted from the surrender of Provincie Nieuw-Nederland by the Dutch Republic to the Kingdom of England in 1664. The province was renamed for James, Duke of York, brother of Charles II of England, immediately after. The territory was one of the Middle Colonies, and originally included all of the present U.S. states of New

13. Isaac Low
14. John Alsop
15. John Jay John Jay was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779 and, from 1789 to 1795, the first Chief Justice of the United States. During and after the American Revolution, he was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to
16. James Duane
17. Philip Livingston Philip Livingston was an American merchant and statesman from New York City. He was a delegate for New York to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1778, and signed the Declaration of Independence
18. William Floyd
19. Henry Wisner
20. Simon Boerum

New-Jersey The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of British America and became the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1776. The province had originally been settled by Europeans as part of New Netherland, but came under English rule after the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, becoming a proprietary colony. The Dutch Republic reasserted

21. James Kinsey
22. William Livingston William Livingston served as the Governor of New Jersey (1776–1790) during the American Revolutionary War and was a signer of the United States Constitution
23. Stephen Crane
24. Richard Smith
25. John De Hart

Pennsylvania The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as Pennsylvania Colony, was a colony in British America founded by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II of England. Pennsylvania got its name for William Penn's father and the Latin word silva, meaning "forest". The name itself means "Penn's

26. Joseph Galloway Joseph Galloway was an American Loyalist during the American Revolution, after serving as delegate to the First Continental Congress from Pennsylvania
27. John Dickinson
28. Charles Humphreys
29. Thomas Mifflin Thomas Mifflin was an American merchant and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, a Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania, fifth President of the U.S. Congress under the Articles of Confederation, and a
30. Edward Biddle
31. John Morton
32. George Ross

The Lower Counties From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony’s rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a very heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were both religiously and culturally diverse.[citation needed]

33. Caesar Rodney Caesar Rodney was an American lawyer and politician from St. Jones Neck, in Dover Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, east of Dover. He was an officer of the Delaware militia during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, and President of Delaware
34. Thomas McKean Thomas McKean was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During the American Revolution he was a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the United States Declaration of Independence and served as a President of Congress. He was at various times a member of the
35. George Read

Maryland The Province of Maryland was an English colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland

36. Matthew Tilghman
37. Thomas Johnson, Junr
38. William Paca
39. Samuel Chase

Virginia

40. Richard Henry Lee
41. George Washington
42. Patrick Henry, Junr
43. Richard Bland
44. Benjamin Harrison
45. Edmund Pendleton

North-Carolina

46. William Hooper
47. Joseph Hewes
48. Richard Caswell

South-Carolina

49. Henry Middleton
50. Thomas Lynch
51. Christopher Gadsden
52. John Rutledge
53. Edward Rutledge

Effects

The Continental Association went into effect on December 1, 1774. The ban did succeed for the time it was in effect. However, the British retaliated by blocking colony access to the North Atlantic Fishing Area.

Only one colony failed to establish local enforcement committees; in the others, the restrictions were dutifully enforced—by violent measures on some occasions. Trade with Britain subsequently plummeted. Parliament responded by passing the New England Restraining Act, which prohibited the northeastern colonies from trading with anyone but Britain and the British West Indies, and they barred colonial ships from the North Atlantic fisheries. These punitive measures were later extended to most of the other colonies as well.

The outbreak of open fighting between the colonists and British soldiers in April 1775 rendered moot any attempt to indirectly change British policies. In this regard, the Association failed to determine events in the way that it was designed—Britain did not cave to American demands but instead tried to tighten its grip, and the conflict escalated to war. However, the true long-term success of the Association was in its effective direction of collective action among the colonies and expression of their common interests. This recognition of union by the Association, and its firm stance that the colonies and their people had rights that were being infringed by Britain, made it a direct precursor to the 1776 Declaration of Independence, which by contrast repudiated the authority of the king once it was clear that no other solution would preserve the asserted rights of the colonies.

Legacy

In his first inaugural address in 1861, President Abraham Lincoln traced the origins of the United States back to the Continental Association:

The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured ... by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was "to form a more perfect Union."

References

Notes
  1. ^ Ammerman, Common Cause, 24; for full text of Boston resolutions, see Peter Force, American Archives, 1:331.
  2. ^ Ammerman, Common Cause, 24.
Bibliography

External links

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Signatories
Commander-in-Chief George Washington (Virginia)
Delaware George Reed • Gunning Bedford, Jr. • John Dickinson • Jacob Broom
Maryland James McHenry • Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer • Daniel Carroll
Virginia John Blair • James Madison
North Carolina William Blount • Knight Dobbs • Hugh Williamson
South Carolina John Rutledge • Charles Cotesworth Pinckney • Charles Pinckney • Pierce Butler
Georgia William Few • Abraham Baldwin
New Hampshire John Langdon • Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham • Rufus King
Connecticut William Samuel Johnson • Roger Sherman
New York Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey William Livingston • David Brearley • William Paterson
Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin • Thomas Mifflin • Robert Morris • George Clymer • Thomas Fitzsimons • Jared Ingersoll • James Wilson • Gouverneur Morris
See also History • Philadelphia Convention
Declaration of Independence
Primary author Thomas Jefferson
Signatories
President of Congress John Hancock (Massachusetts)
New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett • William Whipple • Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts Samuel Adams • John Adams • Robert Treat Paine • Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins • William Ellery
Connecticut Roger Sherman • Samuel Huntington • William Williams • Oliver Wolcott
New York William Floyd • Philip Livingston • Francis Lewis • Lewis Morris
New Jersey Richard Stockton • John Witherspoon • Francis Hopkinson • John Hart • Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania Robert Morris • Benjamin Rush • Benjamin Franklin • George Morton • John Clymer • James Smith • George Taylor • James Wilson • George Ross
Delaware George Reed • Caesar Rodney • Thomas McKean
Maryland Samuel Chase • William Paca • Thomas Stone • Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia George Wythe • Richard Henry Lee • Thomas Jefferson • Benjamin Harrison • Thomas Nelson, Jr. • Francis Lightfoot Lee • Carter Braxton
North Carolina William Hooper • Joseph Hewes • John Penn
South Carolina Edward Rutledge • Thomas Heyward, Jr. • Thomas Lynch, Jr. • Arthur Middleton
Georgia Button Gwinett • Lyman Hall • George Walton
See also Second Continental Congress • Independence Hall • Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Articles of Confederation
Signatories
New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett • John Wentworth, Jr.
Massachusetts John Hancock • Samuel Adams • Elbridge Gerry • Francis Dana • James Lovell • Samuel Holten
Rhode Island William Ellery • Henry Marchant • John Collins
Connecticut Roger Sherman • Samuel Huntington • Oliver Wolcott • Titus Hosmer • Andrew Adams
New York James Duane • Francis Lewis • William Duer • Gouverneur Morris
New Jersey John Witherspoon • Nathaniel Scudder
Pennsylvania Robert Morris • Daniel Roberdeau • Jonathan Bayard Smith • William Clingan • Joseph Reed
Delaware Thomas McKean • John Dickinson • Nicholas Van Dyke
Maryland John Hanson • Daniel Carroll
Virginia Richard Henry Lee • John Banister • Thomas Adams • John Harvie • Francis Lightfoot Lee
North Carolina John Penn • Cornelius Harnett • John Williams
South Carolina Henry Laurens • William Henry Drayton • John Mathews • Richard Hutson • Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Georgia John Walton • Edward Telfair • Edward Langworthy
See also Continental Congress
Continental Association
Signatories
President of Congress Peyton Randolph
New Hampshire John Sullivan • Nathaniel Folsom
Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing • Samuel Adams • John Adams • Robert Treat Paine
Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins • Samuel Ward
Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer • Roger Sherman • Silas Deane
New York Isaac Low • John Alsop • John Jay • James Duane • Philip Livingston • William Floyd • Henry Wisner • Simon Boerum
New Jersey James Kinsey • William Livingston • Stephen Crane • Richard Smith • John De Hart
Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway • John Dickinson • Charles Humphreys • Thomas Mifflin • Edward Biddle • John Morton • George Ross
Origins of the American Revolution: writings
American resolves, declarations, petitions, essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
Following the Stamp Act (1765) Virginia Resolves (May 1765) • Declaration of Rights and Grievances (October 1765) • An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies (1766)
Following the Townshend Acts (1767) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767) • Massachusetts Circular Letter (February 1768) • Boston Pamphlet (1772) • Sheffield Declaration (January 1773)
Following the Coercive Acts (1774)
Maryland Chestertown Resolves (May 1774) • Bush River Resolution (March 1775)
Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves (September 1774)
New York Orangetown Resolutions (July 1774)
North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration (May 1775) • Liberty Point Resolves (June 1775) • Tryon Resolves (August 1775) • Halifax Resolves (April 1776)
Virginia Fairfax Resolves (July 1774) • Hanover Resolves (July 1774) • Fincastle Resolutions (January 1775) • Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 1776)
1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves (October 1774) • Continental Association (October 1774) • Petition to the King (October 1774)
2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition (July 1775) • Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (July 1775) • Lee Resolution (July 1776)
Essays and pamphlets A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) • Novanglus (1775) • Common Sense (1776) • Thoughts on Government (1776)
Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War
1774 First Continental Congress · Articles of Association
1775 Independence Hall · Second Continental Congress
1776 United States Declaration of Independence · Pennsylvania Constitution · Washington Crosses the Delaware
1777 Articles of Confederation · Philadelphia campaign · Battle of Brandywine · Battle of the Clouds · Liberty Bell moved to Allentown · Battle of Paoli · Battle of Germantown · Siege of Fort Mifflin · Battle of White Marsh · Battle of Matson's Ford · Valley Forge
1778 Battle of Crooked Billet · Battle of Barren Hill · British occupation of Philadelphia ends · Wyoming Valley battle and massacre
1781 Congress of the Confederation · Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line

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